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Authors Ma J, He Y, Liu X, Chen W, Wang A, Lin CY, Mo X, Ye X
Received 5 September 2017
Accepted for publication 8 December 2017
Published 15 March 2018 Volume 2018:13 Pages 1553—1567
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S143990
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single-blind
Peer reviewers approved by Dr Akshita Wason
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Lei Yang
Introduction: Herniation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) because of defects in the
annulus fibrosus (AF) is a well-known cause of low back pain. Defects in the AF
thus remain a surgical challenge, and efforts have been made to develop new
techniques for closure and repair. In this study, we developed an electrospun
aligned nanoyarn scaffold (AYS) and nanoyarn/three-dimensional porous
nanofibrous hybrid scaffold (HS) for AF tissue engineering.
Methods: The AYS was fabricated via conjugated
electrospinning, while the aligned nanofibrous scaffold (AFS) was prepared by
traditional electrospinning as a baseline scaffold. The HS was constructed by
freeze-drying and cross-linking methods. Scanning electron microscopy and
mechanical measurement were used to characterize the properties of these
scaffolds. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded on
scaffolds, and cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 assay, while cell
infiltration and differentiation were assessed by histological measurement and
quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively.
Results: Morphological measurements showed that AYS presented a
relatively better three-dimensional structure with larger pore sizes, higher
porosity, and better fibers’ alignment compared to AFS. Mechanical testing
demonstrated that the tensile property of AFS and AYS was qualitatively similar
to the native AF tissue, albeit to a lesser extent. When BMSCs were seeded and
cultured on these scaffolds, the number of cells cultured on HS and AYS was
found to be significantly higher than that on AFS and culture plate after
7 days of culture (P <0.05). In
addition, cell infiltration was significantly higher in HS when compared with
AFS and AYS (P <0.05). A part of BMSCs
ingressed into the inner part of AYS upon long-term in vitro culture. No
significant difference was observed between AFS and AYS in terms of the median
infiltration depth (P >0.05). BMSCs
seeded on AYS demonstrated an increased expression of COL1A1 , while the expression
levels of SOX-9 , COL2A1 , and Aggrecan were higher in HS compared
to other scaffolds (P <0.05).
Conclusion: These findings indicate that HS makes a proper
scaffold for the AF tissue engineering as it replicates the axial compression
and tensile property of AF, thereby providing a better platform for cell
infiltration and cell–scaffold interaction.
Keywords: electrospinning,
nanoyarn, three-dimensional scaffold, cell infiltration, annulus fibrosus,
tissue engineering