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已发表论文
黑磷纳米材料与衰老骨免疫微环境：机制、机遇、挑战与未来展望
Authors Wang JW, Xun JJ, Zhao FF
Received 23 October 2025
Accepted for publication 26 January 2026
Published 2 February 2026 Volume 2026:21 576356
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S576356
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Professor Eng San Thian
Jia-Wen Wang, Jian-Jun Xun, Fei-Fei Zhao
Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Fei-Fei Zhao, Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China, Email zhff@hebmu.edu.cn Jian-Jun Xun, Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China, Email 46700704@hebmu.edu.cn
Abstract: The pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis involves immune cell imbalance, inflammaging, and dysregulation of the RANKL/OPG bone–immune axis, collectively defining the concept of immunoporosis. These interrelated processes mutually reinforce one another, leading to a 2– 3-fold prolongation of bone healing time, while conventional single-target therapies fail to achieve coordinated regulation of bone regeneration and the immune microenvironment. Black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials, as an emerging class of biomaterials, represent a paradigm shift from “passive scaffolds” to “active immuno–bone synergistic regulators.” BP exerts multifunctional effects by restoring macrophage M1/M2 polarization balance, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to disrupt inflammatory feedback loops, and modulating the RANKL/OPG axis, thereby promoting a transition from a pro-inflammatory, destructive state to an anti-inflammatory, reparative phenotype. Experimental evidence indicates that BP can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by approximately 60% and achieve bone defect bridging rates of up to 93%. However, the clinical translation of BP remains challenged by the complexity of aging-related immune mechanisms, insufficient long-term safety data, and unclear translational pathways. This Perspective systematically discusses the regulatory mechanisms of BP in the aged osteoimmune microenvironment, the current limitations, and future research directions.
Keywords: black phosphorus nanomaterials, immunoporosis, inflammaging, RANKL/OPG axis, osteoimmune regulation
Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Fei-Fei Zhao, Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China, Email zhff@hebmu.edu.cn Jian-Jun Xun, Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People’s Republic of China, Email 46700704@hebmu.edu.cn
Abstract: The pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis involves immune cell imbalance, inflammaging, and dysregulation of the RANKL/OPG bone–immune axis, collectively defining the concept of immunoporosis. These interrelated processes mutually reinforce one another, leading to a 2– 3-fold prolongation of bone healing time, while conventional single-target therapies fail to achieve coordinated regulation of bone regeneration and the immune microenvironment. Black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials, as an emerging class of biomaterials, represent a paradigm shift from “passive scaffolds” to “active immuno–bone synergistic regulators.” BP exerts multifunctional effects by restoring macrophage M1/M2 polarization balance, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to disrupt inflammatory feedback loops, and modulating the RANKL/OPG axis, thereby promoting a transition from a pro-inflammatory, destructive state to an anti-inflammatory, reparative phenotype. Experimental evidence indicates that BP can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by approximately 60% and achieve bone defect bridging rates of up to 93%. However, the clinical translation of BP remains challenged by the complexity of aging-related immune mechanisms, insufficient long-term safety data, and unclear translational pathways. This Perspective systematically discusses the regulatory mechanisms of BP in the aged osteoimmune microenvironment, the current limitations, and future research directions.
Keywords: black phosphorus nanomaterials, immunoporosis, inflammaging, RANKL/OPG axis, osteoimmune regulation