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已发表论文
关于固有免疫模式识别受体在白癜风发病机制中的作用及治疗潜力的最新研究进展
Authors Feng J, Lu L, He H, Peng Y, Zhang S, Yang L, Liu Y, Wang T
Received 16 October 2025
Accepted for publication 14 December 2025
Published 20 December 2025 Volume 2025:18 Pages 3545—3556
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S574747
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Monica K. Li
Jindi Feng, Lu Lu, Huimin He, Yubin Peng, Shiyu Zhang, Lu Yang, Yuehua Liu, Tao Wang
Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Yuehua Liu; Tao Wang, Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-69151543, Fax +86-10-69151502, Email yuehualiu63@163.com; wangtaopumch@126.com
Abstract: Vitiligo is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by acquired skin pigment loss that strongly influences the physical and mental well-being of patients with vitiligo. The precise pathogenesis remains incompletely elucidated, but recent studies emphasize the significant roles of both innate and adaptive immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), essential for innate immune sensing, significantly contribute to melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. In vitiligo patients, melanocytes and keratinocytes secrete substances like heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), calreticulin (CRT), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) due to various internal and external influences. PRRs are capable of recognizing these “danger signals”. This recognition activates the immune response by stimulating innate immune cells, like plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and natural killer cells (NK cells). The activation of innate immune cells leads to the release of cytokines and the presentation of melanocyte antigens to T cells, triggering the adaptive immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells release cytotoxic substances such as perforin and granzyme, which directly target and kill melanocytes. Cytokines like IFN-γ can concurrently stimulate keratinocytes to produce chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, which further recruit additional T cells, establishing an inflammatory amplification loop. This loop leads to continuous damage of melanocytes and ultimately results in the development of vitiligo. PRR inhibitors target the initial phase of the immune response cascade in vitiligo, offering a more fundamental and precise therapeutic approach with potential advantages in controlling disease activity and preventing recurrence. This review provides an overview of current research regarding PRRs and their ligands in vitiligo pathogenesis, with a focus on potential therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: vitiligo, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, pathogenesis, damage-associated molecular patterns, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Yuehua Liu; Tao Wang, Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-69151543, Fax +86-10-69151502, Email yuehualiu63@163.com; wangtaopumch@126.com
Abstract: Vitiligo is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by acquired skin pigment loss that strongly influences the physical and mental well-being of patients with vitiligo. The precise pathogenesis remains incompletely elucidated, but recent studies emphasize the significant roles of both innate and adaptive immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), essential for innate immune sensing, significantly contribute to melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. In vitiligo patients, melanocytes and keratinocytes secrete substances like heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), calreticulin (CRT), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) due to various internal and external influences. PRRs are capable of recognizing these “danger signals”. This recognition activates the immune response by stimulating innate immune cells, like plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and natural killer cells (NK cells). The activation of innate immune cells leads to the release of cytokines and the presentation of melanocyte antigens to T cells, triggering the adaptive immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells release cytotoxic substances such as perforin and granzyme, which directly target and kill melanocytes. Cytokines like IFN-γ can concurrently stimulate keratinocytes to produce chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, which further recruit additional T cells, establishing an inflammatory amplification loop. This loop leads to continuous damage of melanocytes and ultimately results in the development of vitiligo. PRR inhibitors target the initial phase of the immune response cascade in vitiligo, offering a more fundamental and precise therapeutic approach with potential advantages in controlling disease activity and preventing recurrence. This review provides an overview of current research regarding PRRs and their ligands in vitiligo pathogenesis, with a focus on potential therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: vitiligo, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, pathogenesis, damage-associated molecular patterns, pathogen-associated molecular patterns