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已发表论文
MAC 临床应用进展：药物选择、联合治疗及给药方法综述
Authors Lei XH, Yang WW, Luo X , Rao PG, Guo R
Received 7 July 2025
Accepted for publication 15 December 2025
Published 24 December 2025 Volume 2025:19 Pages 11609—11628
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S552047
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 4
Editor who approved publication: Dr Leonidas Panos
Xing-Heng Lei,1 Wen-Wen Yang,1 Xin Luo,1 Pan-Guo Rao,1 Rui Guo2
1The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Rui Guo, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China, Email haiou2018guo@163.com
Abstract: Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is a widely used anesthetic technique designed to provide titratable sedation and effective analgesia during a variety of medical procedures, ensuring patient comfort and safety. MAC is not only applied in surgical interventions but is also extensively used in diagnostic examinations such as sedation gastrointestinal endoscopy and pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. With ongoing advances in medical technology, the selection of drugs, optimization of combination strategies, and refinement of administration methods for MAC continue to evolve. This narrative review, based on a structured literature search, summarizes recent developments in MAC drug selection, combination therapy, and administration methods. We highlight the quality and limitations of the current evidence, provide scenario-based practical recommendations, and outline emerging agents and delivery technologies, alongside unresolved questions that warrant further investigation.Overall, the existing evidence indicates that refined drug combinations (eg, propofol or dexmedetomidine in combination with opioids) tailored to specific procedural contexts and individual patient needs, alongside target-controlled infusion technology, are significantly enhancing the safety, comfort, and efficiency of MAC. However, the optimal drug combinations and standardized administration pathways still require further high-quality research.
Keywords: monitored anesthesia care, opioids, sedative agents, combination therapy, procedural sedation
1The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Rui Guo, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China, Email haiou2018guo@163.com
Abstract: Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is a widely used anesthetic technique designed to provide titratable sedation and effective analgesia during a variety of medical procedures, ensuring patient comfort and safety. MAC is not only applied in surgical interventions but is also extensively used in diagnostic examinations such as sedation gastrointestinal endoscopy and pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. With ongoing advances in medical technology, the selection of drugs, optimization of combination strategies, and refinement of administration methods for MAC continue to evolve. This narrative review, based on a structured literature search, summarizes recent developments in MAC drug selection, combination therapy, and administration methods. We highlight the quality and limitations of the current evidence, provide scenario-based practical recommendations, and outline emerging agents and delivery technologies, alongside unresolved questions that warrant further investigation.Overall, the existing evidence indicates that refined drug combinations (eg, propofol or dexmedetomidine in combination with opioids) tailored to specific procedural contexts and individual patient needs, alongside target-controlled infusion technology, are significantly enhancing the safety, comfort, and efficiency of MAC. However, the optimal drug combinations and standardized administration pathways still require further high-quality research.
Keywords: monitored anesthesia care, opioids, sedative agents, combination therapy, procedural sedation