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Authors Zhong C, Feng J, Lin X, Bao Q
Received 7 October 2016
Accepted for publication 9 January 2017
Published 13 February 2017 Volume 2017:12 Pages 1215—1226
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S124040
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single-blind
Peer reviewers approved by Dr Alexander Kharlamov
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Linlin Sun
Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) has been used as a delivery vehicle for small
molecule drugs and nucleotides. To further investigate GO as a smart
biomaterial for the controlled release of cargo molecules, we hypothesized that
GO may be an appropriate delivery vehicle because it releases bone
morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). GO characterization indicated that the size
distribution of the GO flakes ranged from 81.1 nm to 45,749.7 nm,
with an approximate thickness of 2 nm. After BMP2 adsorption onto GO,
Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric
analysis were performed. Compared to GO, BMP2-GO did not induce significant
changes in the characteristics of the materials. GO continuously released BMP2
for at least 40 days. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes were
treated with BMP2-GO in interleukin-1 media and assessed in terms of cell
viability, flow cytometric characterization, and expression of particular mRNA.
Compared to GO, BMP2-GO did not induce any significant changes in
biocompatibility. We treated osteoarthritic rats with BMP2 and BMP2-GO, which
showed significant differences in Osteoarthritis Research Society International
(OARSI) scores (P <0.05). Quantitative
assessment revealed significant differences compared to that using BMP2 and
BMP2-GO (P <0.05). These findings
indicate that GO may be potentially used to control the release of carrier
materials. The combination of BMP2 and GO slowed the progression of
NF-κB-activated degenerative changes in osteoarthritis. Therefore, we infer
that our BMP2-GO strategy could alleviate the NF-κB pathway by inducing continuous
BMP2 release.
Keywords: graphene oxide, BMP2, controlled
release, anti-inflammatory